Assignment: Theories of Career Development
Assignment: Theories of Career Development
Part I
Theories of Career Development
- This chapter reviews 9 theories.
- Grouped according to Gelso and Fretz (2001):
Trait-oriented
Social learning and cognitive
Developmental
Person-in-environment
Theories of Career Development
- Initially vocational psychology focused on using assessments for job placement.
- Beginning in the early 1950s, the field began to include other factors:
Self-concept
Self-knowledge
Developmental issues
Theories of Career Development
- Theories have been criticized.
Vague about how to use findings
Out of touch with what practitioners need – a more direct link between theory and practice
Theories of Career Development
- What is a theory?
- What a theory is not
- Theories can help us with guidelines for counseling.
Trait-Oriented Theories
- Embedded in Parson’s paradigm
- Individuals are attracted to occupational environments that meet their personal needs and provide them with satisfaction.
- Include:
Trait-and-factor
Peron-environment-correspondence
John Holland’s typology
Trait-and-Factor Theory
- Parsons (1909) maintained that vocational guidance is accomplished by:
Studying the individual
Surveying occupations
Matching the individual with the occupation.
- This process is called trait-and-factor theory.
Trait-and-Factor Theory
- Parson’s three-step procedures may at first glance be judged to be completely dominated by test results.
- Brown, Brooks, and Associates (1990) argued that advocates of trait-and-factor approaches never approved of excessive use of testing.
- Test results are only one means of evaluating individual differences (Williamson, 1939).
Trait-and-Factor Theory
- Sharf (2002) summarized the advantages and disadvantages of trait-and-factor theory.
It is a static theory rather than a developmental one.
- The following assumptions also raise concerns about this theory:
There is a single career goal for everyone.
Career decisions are primarily based on measured abilities.
Trait-and-Factor Theory
- Prediger (1995) suggested that person-environment fit theory has enhanced the potential for a closer relationship between assessment and career counseling.
- Prediger suggested a similarity model, designed not to predict success or to find the “ideal career,” but to provide a means of evaluating occupations that are similar to people in important ways.
Practical Applications
- Major role of early approaches = diagnosis.
- Contemporary practices expanded the use of test data.
Example
Holland’s typology
Instead of predicting success in particular career, the counselor interprets test data and informs client of similarities to workers in particular careers.
Person-Environment-Correspondence (PEC)
- Previously referred to as the theory of work adjustment (TWA).
- The theory of work adjustment and person-environment-correspondence counseling (Dawis, 1996) involve workplace reinforcers that can lead to job satisfaction.
PEC Theory
- Work is more than step-by-step task-oriented procedures.
Work includes human interaction and sources of satisfaction, dissatisfaction, rewards, stress, and many other psychological variables.
Individuals seek to achieve and maintain a positive relationship with their work environments.
PEC Theory
- According to Dawis and Lofquist, individuals bring their requirements to a work environment, and the work environment makes its requirements of individuals.
- To survive, the individual and the work environment must achieve some degree of congruence (correspondence).
- To achieve this agreement, the individual must successfully meet the job requirements, and the work environment must fulfill the individual’s requirements.
PEC Theory
- Examples of occupational reinforcers:
Achievement
Authority
Advancement
Coworkers
Activity
Security
Social service
Status
Variety
- Lofquist and Dawis (1984) found a strong relationship between job satisfaction and work adjustment.
PEC Theory
- Implication of the theory of work adjustment:
Job satisfaction should be evaluated according to several factors.
Job satisfaction is an important career counseling concern but does not alone measure work adjustment.
Job satisfaction is an important predictor of job tenure.
PEC Theory
- Implications of the theory of work adjustment:
Individual needs and values are significant components of job satisfaction.
Individuals differ significantly in specific reinforcers of career satisfaction.
Career counselors should consider the reinforcers available in work environments and compare them with individual needs of clients.
PEC Theory
- Career counselors use occupational information to assist clients in matching individual needs, interests, and abilities with patterns and levels of different reinforcers in the work environment.
A worker’s attempt to improve his or her fit within the work environment is referred to as work adjustment.
Practical Applications
- Depends heavily on client assessment.
- Major concern = abilities/skills and values
- Presentation of assessment information should be tailored to client’s abilities, values, and style.
Highly verbal Verbal presentation
High spatial ability Graphic presentation
- Work adjustment in today’s society
John Holland:
A Typology Approach
- According to John Holland (1992), individuals are attracted to a given career by their particular personalities and numerous variables that constitute their backgrounds.
John Holland:
A Typology Approach
- Career choice is an expression of, or an extension of, personality into the world of work followed by subsequent identification with specific occupational stereotypes.
- Congruence of ones’ view of self with occupational preference establishes what Holland refers to as the modal personal style.
Holland’s Modal Personal Styles and Occupational |